CSIT Association of Nepal Purwanchal Study and Career Guidelines by IT ...

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DCN - Quick Guide

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  Data Communication Overview A system of interconnected computers and computerized peripherals such as printers is called computer network. This interconnection among computers facilitates information sharing among them. Computers may connect to each other by either wired or wireless media. Classification of Computer Networks Computer networks are classified based on various factors.They includes: Geographical span Inter-connectivity Administration Architecture Geographical Span Geographically a network can be seen in one of the following categories: It may be spanned across your table, among Bluetooth enabled devices,. Ranging not more than few meters. It may be spanned across a whole building, including intermediate devices to connect all floors. It may be spanned across a whole city. It may be spanned across multiple cities or provinces. It may be one network covering whole world. Inter-Connectivity Components of a network can be connected to each other differently in some fashion.
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Physical Layer Introduction

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Physical layer in the OSI model plays the role of interacting with actual hardware and signaling mechanism. Physical layer is the only layer of OSI network model which actually deals with the physical connectivity of two different stations. This layer defines the hardware equipment, cabling, wiring, frequencies, pulses used to represent binary signals etc. Physical layer provides its services to Data-link layer. Data-link layer hands over frames to physical layer. Physical layer converts them to electrical pulses, which represent binary data.The binary data is then sent over the wired or wireless media. Signals When data is sent over physical medium, it needs to be first converted into electromagnetic signals. Data itself can be analog such as human voice, or digital such as file on the disk.Both analog and digital data can be represented in digital or analog signals. Digital Signals Digital signals are discrete in nature and represent sequence of voltage pulses. Digital signals are us
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