Cisco’s Internetworking Operating System ISO Part 5

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Network Switching

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  Switching is process to forward packets coming in from one port to a port leading towards the destination. When data comes on a port it is called ingress, and when data leaves a port or goes out it is called egress. A communication system may include number of switches and nodes. At broad level, switching can be divided into two major categories: Connectionless:  The data is forwarded on behalf of forwarding tables. No previous handshaking is required and acknowledgements are optional. Connection Oriented:   Before switching data to be forwarded to destination, there is a need to pre-establish circuit along the path between both endpoints. Data is then forwarded on that circuit. After the transfer is completed, circuits can be kept for future use or can be turned down immediately. Circuit Switching When two nodes communicate with each other over a dedicated communication path, it is called circuit switching.There 'is a need of pre-specified route from which data will tr...
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Network Layer Routing

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  When a device has multiple paths to reach a destination, it always selects one path by preferring it over others. This selection process is termed as Routing. Routing is done by special network devices called routers or it can be done by means of software processes. The software based routers have limited functionality and limited scope. A router is always configured with some default route. A default route tells the router where to forward a packet if there is no route found for specific destination. In case there are multiple path existing to reach the same destination, router can make decision based on the following information: Hop Count Bandwidth Metric Prefix-length Delay Routes can be statically configured or dynamically learnt. One route can be configured to be preferred over others. Unicast routing Most of the traffic on the internet and intranets known as unicast data or unicast traffic is sent with specified destination. Routing unicast data over the internet is called...
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Client Server Model

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  Two remote application processes can communicate mainly in two different fashions: Peer-to-peer:  Both remote processes are executing at same level and they exchange data using some shared resource. Client-Server:  One remote process acts as a Client and requests some resource from another application process acting as Server. In client-server model, any process can act as Server or Client. It is not the type of machine, size of the machine, or its computing power which makes it server; it is the ability of serving request that makes a machine a server. A system can act as Server and Client simultaneously. That is, one process is acting as Server and another is acting as a client. This may also happen that both client and server processes reside on the same machine. Communication Two processes in client-server model can interact in various ways: Sockets Remote Procedure Calls (RPC) Sockets In this paradigm, the process acting as Server opens a socket using a well-known ...
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